Manipulations in the Powysian lineage

It was shown, see Dating Vortigern, that Gwrtheyrn Gwrtheneu ruled in the 3rd quarter of the 5th c.

Pedigree list of Buellt and Gwerthrynion

Gen.	Gen. mid-date	HB Harl. 3859 49	JC 14	JC 15
-5	325	Gloiu		Gloyỽ Gỽalltir
-4	357	Guitolin		Gỽdoloeu
-3	389	Guitataul		Gwidaỽl
-2	421	Guorthigirn Guortheu	Gỽrtheyrn Gỽrthenev	Gỽrtheyrn Gỽrtheneu
-1	453	Pascent	Pascen
0	485	Briacat	Riagath
1	517	Mepurit	Idnerth
2	549	Paul	Paỽl
3	581	Edoc	[Eldog]
4	613	Eldat	Elaed
5	645	Moriud	Morvo
6	677	Gaidcant	Gwedgad
7	709	Pascent	Pascen Buellt
8	741	Teudubir	Gloud
9	773	Fernmail	y Vraustud
10	805		Rees
11	838		Howel
12	870		Ewein
13	902		Morgant

Fig. 1. The pedigree lists for Buellt and Gwerthrynion.

Fig.1 lists tell us that Gwrtheyrn had only one named son, Pasgen.

Pedigree list of Powys

The pedigree list for Powys is given in the oldest surviving list relating to the Welsh genealogies, the Harleian Genealogies, which accompany the Historia Brittonum in the manuscript Harley 3859 of c. 1100:

Gen,	Gen. mid-date	HG 22	HG 23	HG 24	HG 27
-12	101			Ecrin
-11	133			Ermic
-10	165			Cerennior
-9	197			[Carantmail]
-8	229			Bodug
-7	261			Guitgen
-6	293			Iouab
-5	325			[S]elim	Selemiaun
-4	357	Catel [Durnluc]	Catell		Catel
-3	389	Cattegirn	Cattegirn		Cattegir[n]
-2	421	Pascent	Brittu		Pascent
-1	453	Maucan[n]	Camuir		Maucant
0	485	Cincen	Millo		Cinan
1	517	Brocmayl	Cinnin		Brocmail
2	549	Cínan	Elbodgu		Cincen
3	581	[S]elim	Gurhaiern[n]		Eliud
4	613		[?]esselis		Eli
5	645				Guilauc
6	677				Elitet
7	709				Brocmayl
8	741				Catel
9	773				[C]incen

Fig. 2. The pedigree lists for Powys.

It is proposed that Selim of HG 24 is the same indiviidual as Selemiaun of HG 27 so that the former list gives us the rulers of Powys back to the early 2nd c. Bartrum correctly wrote of HG 24:

Also perhaps a royal line of Powys. Caranfael ( = Carantmail) ap Cynddylan ap Cyndrwyn was the name of a prince of Powys mentioned in the ‘Llywarch Hen’ poetry …

Bartrum p.c., 1966, 128.

The use of a biblical name, Selemiaun, is very early. In fact he would have lived during the reign of Constantine the Great.

Cadell Ddyrnllug of gen. -4 is introduced in the Historia Brittonum thus:

interea uenit unus de seruis regis e medio urbis et inclinauit se ante uirum dei.

In the meantime one of the king’ s servants [Cadell] came from inside the fortress and humbled himself before the man of God [Germanus].

Fitzpatrick-Matthews K.J., 2016, Harleian Recension, 9. Dumville d.n.,1975, 200.

After Germanus had destroyed the previous ruler’s fortress by fire in which the tyrant himself perished, Cadell was made the ruler of the kingdom:

iuxta uerba sancti germani rex de seruo factus est; et omnes filii eius reges facti sunt, et a semine illorum omnis regio pouisorum regitur usque in hodiernum diem.

In accordance with the words of Saint Germanus, a king was created from a servant; and all his sons became kings, and the whole country of the men of Powys is ruled by their line, even to the present day.

Fitzpatrick-Matthews K.J., 2016, Harleian Recension, 10. dumville d.n., 1975, 202, 204.

As can be seen from fig. 2, this ‘prediction’ is historically accurate. The Hen Lwythau Gwynedd a’r Mars under the title Llwythau y Mars, a reference to the March, the northern border between Wales and England, tells us the descendants of Cadell are referred to as Cadelling:

… Kadell dyrnllug, y gwr y gelwir Kadelling oe henw.

Bartrum p.c., 1966, 119.

Selyf Sarffgadau (gen. 3) , with the epithet Serpent of Battles, died at the battle of Chester:in 613:

AC A	AC B	AC C
[a170] anus Gueith cair legion .et ibi cecidit selim filíí cinan.41 Et iacob filíí beli dormitatio.	[b641] Anus bellum Kairlion in quo Seysil filius chinan et Iago filius beli moriuntur cum multis aliis.	[cw130] … Bellum cair legion, in quo silla filius kenan cecidit. Cadwallo filius caduani regnauit in britannia.

Fig. 3. Gough-Cooper, H.W., 2016, Annales Cambriae A, B and C in parallel, 12.

After his death the main line of Powys continued with the son of Selyf’s brother, Eiludd, as indicated in HG 27. The Buchedd Beuno alludes to this. It tells us that Selyf’s father, Cynan Garwyn, gave Beuno land at Gwyddelwern:

Ac yno y gwnaeth Beuno eglwys hyt yr amser y doeth nyeint Kynan o hely ar Veuno y erchi bwyt idaw gann trigyaw yno yn wastat.

And there Beuno made a church till the time the grandsons of Cynan came from hunting upon Beuno to request food of him, while dwelling there continuously.

Wade-evans A.W., lloyd s. (ed.), 2013, 17, 339.

Meat was put in a pot which was placed over a fire. However, the water in the pot would not warm. Beuno then said to the sons of Selyf:

‘Y peth a rodes ych teit chwi y Duw yn ryd, a vynnwch chwitheu rodi mal ar ardreth, a cheithiwet arnnaw? Ys rodho Duw y mi, ac ys gwnel yrof y gwr yr wyf vi yn gwassannaethu idaw, na medo ych etiued chwi byth euo, ach distryw chwitheu or teyrnnas honn a teyrnnas rac llaw.’ Ac yno val yd erchis Beuno yn y wedi y cauas.

“What your grandfather gave to God free, will you give it as with revenue, and restraint on it? May God grant me, and may he whom I serve, act for me, that your offspring never own it, and that yourselves be destroyed from this kingdom and a kingdom hereafter.” And there as Beuno asked in his prayer, he got.

wade-evans a.w., lloyd S. (ed.), 2013, 18, 339.

The manipulation

Fig. 4. Pillar of Eliseg. Rhys J., Cy. XXI, 40-41. Click image to enlarge.

By the time the Pillar of Eliseg was erected by Cyngen ap Cadell ap Brochwel it was felt that Cadell Ddyrnllug was too humble an individual to be asserted as the founder of line of descent of the kingdom of Powys. So, to shift the individual from Cadell’s gen. -4 to Gwrtheyrn’s gen. -2, the sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of Cadell, namely Cateyrn, Pasgen, Brydw and Mawgan (see fig. 2) were made to be sons of Gwrtheyrn. This can be seen in lines 21 to 23 in figs. 4.

line 21 [CATEGIR]NN PASCEN[T] MAU[G]ANNAN
line 22 [+] BRITU A[U]T[E]M FILIUS GUARTHI
line 23 [GIRN] QUE[m] BENED[IXIT] GERMANUS QUE[m]
line 24 [QU]E PEPERIT EI SE[V]IRA FILIA MAXIMI
line 25 [RE]GIS QUI OCCIDIT REGEM ROMANO
line 26 RUM [+] …

Cateyrn, Pasgen, Mawgan [+] Brydw, moreover, (was) the son of Gwrtheyrn, whom Germanus blessed and whom Severa bore to him, the daughter of Maximus the king who slew the king of the Romans [+] …

Note, this proposal for some of the names in line 21 differs from the generally accepted ones of CONCENN and MAUN together with ANNAN. The problem with the latter proposal is no genealogies give those names as offsprings of Gwrtheyrn.

That Brydw was in reality a grandson of Cadell Ddyrnllug indicates he belonged to gen. -2 and thus born c. 421. This explains why Gwrtheryrn is incorrectly identified with Germanus of Auxerre who visited Britain c. 429.

As often occurs with manipulations, they show up in inconsistencies. It is unlikely that a Gwrtheryrn, supposedly reigning in the 2nd quarter of the 5th c., would have had a wife who was a daughter of Magnus Maximus (obit 388). If Severa had married a British royal it is chronologically more likely to have been with Cadell Ddyrnllug.

As to the question why Gwrtheyrn, in particular, was chosen as the founder of the Powysian lineage one possible reason may have been that he did indeed have a son named Pasgen.

Later developments of the manipulation

The Jesus 20 genealogies survive in a manuscript dated to c. 1400. Although some of its lists are derived from a common source with the HG it also made use of other sources. Whereas, as shown in fig. 1., JC 14 and 15 show the correct line of descent from Gwrtheyrn, JC 16 (not shown) and 18 demonstrate manipulated versions:

Gen.	Gen. mid -date	HG 27	JC 18	LIIG 19 (ABT 6k)
-6	293		Gỽrtheyrn Gỽrth[en]eu		Gortheyrn Gortheneu
-5	325	Selemiaun	Cadern		Kyndeyrn
-4	357	Catel	Cadell Deyrlloch		Rudfedel
-3	389	Cattegir[n]	[Cateyrn]		<Brydw>
-2	421	Pascent	Pascen		Pasgen
-1	453	Maucant	Manogan		Kadell Dehyrnllug
0	485	Cinan	[Cyngen Glodrydd]		Kyngen Klotryd
1	517	Brocmail	Brochuael Yscithraỽc		Brochwel Ysgithrawg
2	549	Cincen	Kynan Garwin		Kynan Garwyn
3	581	Eliud	Seliph	Eilud	Selyf Saryf Gadau
4	613	Eli	Beli	Beli
5	645	Guilauc	Coledaỽc	<Kynllaw>
6	677	Elitet	Elisse	<Elisse>
7	709	Brocmayl	Brochuael	Brochwal
8	741	Catel	Cadell Pywys	Gadell
9	773	[C]incen	Nest	Nest
10	805		Rodri Maỽr

Fig. 5. Later manipulations.

Fig 5. repeats HG 27 from fig. 2. in order to compare it with JC 18. It can thus be seen that Selevan (gen. -5) has been replaced by Cyndeyrn ap Gwrtheyrn Gwrtheneu. Ben Guy argued that the JC genealogies took elements from a posited Pseudo-Rhodri Mawr recension that emphasised the primacy of Rhodri Mawr (gen. 10). It is here postulated that this would require a founding of the Powysian lineage from Gwrtheyrn himself and not a lowly Cadell Ddyrnllug.

A further downgrading of Cadell occurs in the Llywelyn ab Iorwerth genealogies (LlIG 19). Gen. -4 is now occupied by a Rhuddfedel and Cadell now appears in gen. -1, replacing Mawgan. Brydw occupies the position originally held by his father Cateyrn as shown in fig. 1.

Gen.	Gen. mid-date	LlIG (GO) 73a
-2	421	Gwrtheyrn Gwrthenav
-1	453	Kadeyrn
0	485	Ruddvedel Vrych
1	517	Rydw
2	549	Pasgen
3	581	Kadell Dyrnllvg
4	613	Gwynvyw
5	645	Gwynnan
6	677	Gwriawn
7	709	Biortherch
8	741	Bywynn
9	773	<Gwaeddgar>
10	805	Gwernen
11	838	Kadvarch
12	870	Ynyr
13	902	Tudur Trevor

Fig. 6. Gutun Owain Recension.

Curiously, in fig. 6, the Gutun Owain Recension of the Llywelyn ab Iorwerth genealogies places Gwyrtheyrn in the correct generation but maintains the sequence up to Cadell as in LlIG 19.

Which Merfyn?

There are four dating clauses for the composition of the Historia Brittonum:

Chap. 2

Harley ms. 3859 f.174v, © British Library.

a passione autem christi peracti sunt anni septingenti nonagenta sex. ab incarnatione autem eius anni sunt octingenti <triginta unus>².

From the Passion of Christ 796 years have passed; from the Incarnation 831 years.

Chap. 10

Fitzpatrick-Matthews K.J., 2016, Harleian Recension, 1. Woolf A., 13 Nisan AM 5775, chap. 4.

Harley ms. 3859 f.176v, © British Library.

a primo anno quo saxones uenerunt in brittanniam usque ad annum quartum mermini regis supputantur anni quadringenti⁹² uiginti nouem.

From the year when the Saxons first came to Britain to the fourth year of king Merfyn, 429 years are reckoned;

Fitzpatrick-Matthews K.J., 2016, Harleian Recension, 4. Woolf A., 13 Nisan AM 5775, chap. 16.

Chap. 11

Harley ms. 3859 f.176v, © British Library.

a natiuitate domini usque ad aduentum patricii ad scottos quadringenti quinque anni sunt.

from the Birth of the Lord until the coming of Patrick to the Gaels are 405 years.

Fitzpatrick-Matthews K.J., 2016, Harleian Recension, 4. Woolf A., 13 Nisan AM 5775, chap. 16.

Chap. 12

Harley ms. 3859 f.176v, © British Library.

initium compoti.
uiginti tres cicli⁹⁵ decennouenalis⁹⁶ ab incarnatione domini usque ad aduentum patricii in hiberniam⁹⁷, et ipsi annos efficiunt numero quadringentos triginta octo. et ab aduentu patricii usque ad ciclum⁹⁸ decennouenalem⁹⁹ in quo sumus, uiginti duo cicli sunt: id est quadringenti uiginti unus sunt (duo anni in ogdoade) usque in hunc annum in quo sumus.

The starting point of the calculation: 23 cycles of 19 years from the incarnation of the Lord until the coming of Patrick to Ireland; these number 438 years. From the coming of Patrick to the present 19 year cycle there are 22 cycles; that is 421 years, two years in Ogdoade until his year, which is the total.

Fitzpatrick-Matthews K.J., 2016, Harleian Recension, 4. Woolf A., 13 Nisan AM 5775, chap. 16.

Two traditions

The passages indicate there were two dating traditions in the document, indicated below in blue and red fonts:

Section	From	To	Years
2.1	Passion	HB	796
2.2	Incarnation	HB	831 [recte 829]
10	Adventus	4th year of Merfyn	429
11	Incarnation [recte Passion]	Patrick to the Irish	405
12.1	Incarnation	Patrick to the Irish	438 [recte 437]
12.2	Patrick to the Irish	HB	421 [recte 420]

Dating information.

Accepted dating

Dumville explained the basis for the error in entry 2.2 as either a misreading of . d. ccc. xxix. or its mistranscription to . d. ccc. xxxi. This would make the entry consistent with entry 2.1 by the Dionysian reckoning. On the basis of HB 2.2, it is generally believed that the document was written in the years 829. He also corrected what appear to be arithmetical errors in entries 12.1 and 12.2.
That entry together with HB 10 would then imply an Adventus in the year 400. This date is explicitely stated in HB 66.7, see Vortigern and the Adventus in the Historia Brittonum.
Dumville notes that entry 11 would give the date 432 AD by the Victorian reckoning, for Patrick’s arrival to Ireland, consistent with Irish sources.

Alternative dating

This article questions whether Dumvilles’s move from Dionysian to Victorian reckoning is justified. The former system would indicate entry 11 is indeed consistent with entry 12.1. Together with entry 12.2, this would give the date 857 for the HB. Then using entry 10 would date the Adventus to the year 428, consistent with HB 66.5 and 66.6.

Conclusion

Dumville considered entries 12.1 and 12.2 as later glosses. However, this may not have been the case and the document, written in 857, contained both preserved traditons. The fact that chap. 12 entries make use of decennovenal cycles suggest they were readings from an early annal. A critical factor is whether the Adventus occurred as early as 400 or later in 428.

This raises the question whether the identification of the 4th year of Merfyn with the HB is incorrect, a result of the erroneous 829 dating. Evidence that this is the case is given by the fact he inherited the throne of Gwynedd through his marriage with Esyllt ferch Cynan Dindaethwy, referred to in ByA 27c. Her father’s death is given dates in Annales Cambriae and Brut y Tywysogion s.aa. 813, 814, 816.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

Llywelyn was the last native of Wales to be consecrated tywysog, that is prince.

Fig. 1. The ancestry of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Click image to enlarge.

Fig. 2. Crux Guriat. ¹

Sandde ab Alcwn, fig. 1, was a late 7th c. descendant of Coel Hen and Llywelyn’s patrilineal line of descent goes back to him. Sandde married Celenion ferch Tudwal, great-granddaughter of Merfyn Mawr, who ruled over Ynys Manaw (Isle of Man).

It is likely that through the marriage his descendants became rulers of that island as evidenced by his grandson’s name, Gwriad, appearing on an inscription found on the island, fig. 2. Gwriad married Esyllt ferch Cynan Dindaethwy. This gave their son, Merfyn Frych a claim to the throne of Gwynedd.

Merfyn married Nest ferch Cadell of Powys. HG 27 shows that when Cadell’s son, Cyngen, died in Rome in 854 that Powysian line of descent came to an end.

Cinnen rex pouis . inroma obíít .

AC A, 416.

Powys then came under the control of Merfyn’s son, Rhodri Mawr who married Angharad ferch Meurig. HG 26 shows the Ceredigon line of descent terminating with the death by drowning of Gwgon, her brother, in 871.

Guoccaun mersus est rex cetericiaun .

AC A, 433.

The eldest son, Anarawd, recieved the kingship of Gwynedd and was the founder of the House of Aberffraw. Another of Rhodri’s sons,s Cadell, inherited Seisyllwg, that is Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi. His descendants belonged to the House of Dinefwr.

Hywel Dda, CC BY-SA 3.0. Click image to enlarge.

Cadell’s son, Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good), married Elen ferch Llywarch and after the death of her father and her uncle, Rhodri, he inherited Dyfed, thus becoming the ruler of most of S. Wales. When Idwal Foel and his brother, Elise, where slain in battle against Edmund, Hywel took over Gwynedd.

Owain ap Hywel Dda inherited Deheubarth and Dyfed. His wife, Angharad ferch Llywelyn was heiress of Powys, a kingdom their son Maredudd inherited. Maredudd’s granddaughter, Marared, marrried Iorwerth Drwyndwn of Gwynedd. Their son, Llywelyn Fawr, was grandfather to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.

1. Kermode, P.M.C., 1907, fig. 49. ^˄

The Biblical and Trojan pedigrees of the Welsh rulers

Welsh rulers such as Maelgwn Gwynedd and Rhodri Mawr claimed a lineage that went back to classical times and beyond:

Gen.	ABT 1a2	GaC 2	MP 1a	MP 1b
-76		Duw
-75	Addaf	Adaf
-74	Seth	Seth
-73	Enos	Enos
-72	Caynan	Cainan
-71	Malaleel	Malaleel
-70	Iareth	Iaret
-69	Enoc	Enoc
-68	Matusale	Mathussalem
-67	Lamech	Lamech
-66	Noe hen	Noe hen
-65	Iapheth	Iaphet
-64	Iauan	Iauan
-63	Cetun	Ketun
-62	Ciprius	Ciprius
-61	Cretus	Cretus
-60	Selius	Celius
-59	Saturnus	Sadurn
-58	Iubiter	Iupiter
-57	Dardanus	Dardanus
-56	Eriktonius	Herictonius
-55	Tros	Trois	Klydno
-54	Asaracus	Assaracus	Dyfnwal moelmvd
-53	Kapis	Capis	Beli
-52	Enchises	Anchises	Gwrgan varyfdrwch
-51	Eneas ysgwyddwyn	Eneas ysgwyt wyn	Kvhelyn
-50	Ysgannus	Ascanius	Seisill
-49	[Parapilius]	[Parapilius]	[Cynfarch]
-48	[Nenne]	[Nenne]	Dan
-47	Siluius	Siluius	Morudd
-46	[Alanus]	[Alanus]	Elidir war
-45	[Ericonius/Hessitio]	[Ericonius/Hessitio]	Geraint
-44	Bruttus	Brut tywyssauc	Kadell	Brvtvs dywysoc Rruvain
-43	Lokrinus	Llocrinus	Koel	Lokrinvs
-42	Madawg	Madauc	Porex	Madoc
-41	Mymbyr	Membyr	Kerryn	Membyr
-40	Efrawg	Evrog	Andryw	Efroc kadarn
-39	Bruttis darianlas	Brutus ysgwyt ir	Vrien	Brvtvs darianlas
-38	Lleon	Lliwelyt	Ithel	Lleon
-37	Run baladr bras	[Run baladr bras]	Klydawc	Rrvn paladyr bras
-36	Bleiddud	Bleidud	Klydno	Bleiddud
-35	[Rud]	Rud	Grwst	[Rud]
-34	Lyr	Llyr	Meirion	Lyr
-33	Ragaw	Regat	Bleiddud(d)	Rregav
-32	Kunnedda	Kunedda	Kaff	Kvnedda
-31	Riwallawn	Riwallaun	Ywain	Rriwallon
-30	Gorwst	Gurust	Seisill	Grwst
-29	Seirioel	Seiryoel	Blegowryd	Seisill
-28	Antonius	Antonius	Arthavael	Antonivs (ap)
-27	Aedd mawr	Aet maur	Eidol	Aedd mawr
-26	Prydain	Prydein	Rrydion	Prydain
-25	Dyfnfarch	Dyvynarth	Rrydderch	Dyfnvarch
-24	Krydon	Krydon	Sawl benisel	Kyrdon
-23	Kywyd	Kerwyt	Pyr	Kerwyd
-22	Enaid [f.?]	Eneit [f.?]	Pabo	Enid [f.?]
-21	Mynogan	Manogan	Mynogan
-20	Beli mawr	Beli mawr	Beli mawr
-19	Aflech	Aflech
-18	Avallach	Avallach
-17	Owain	Eudolen
-16	Brychwein	Eudos
-15	Diuwg	Enid
-14	Onwedd	Eudygant
-13	Amwerydd	Eudeyrn
-12	(Gorddwfn m.) [Amgoloit]	Rideyrn
-11	(Gwrddoli m.) Dwfn	Riuedel
-10	(Gorgain m.) Doli	Grad
-9	Kain	Vrban
-8	Genedawg	[Tepwyll]
-7	Iago	Deyeweint
-6	Tegid	Tecvan gloff
-5	Padarn beisrudd	(Coel) godebauc
-4	Edern	Coel (godebauc)
-3	Kunedda wledic	Keneu
-2	Einion yrth	Gorwst ledlumm
-1	Kadwallawn llawir	Meirchyaun gul
0	Maelgwn Gwynedd	Elidir lledanwyn
1	Run	Llewarch hen
2		Dwc
3		Gweir
4		Tagit
5		Alcwn
6		Sandef
7		Elidir
8		Guryat
9		Mervyn vrych
10		Rodri maur

Note, the ancestry of Mynogan in MP 1a differs from the other two lists. This may be because Enaid is a female name and refers to his mother. This appears to be confirmed by MP 1b where the name takes the form Enid.

In JC 17 Gwair of gen. appears with the name Caid.

Tros, the founder of Troy, was the son of Erichthonius who in turn was the son of Dardanus of Greek mythology. Aeneas managed to escape after the Trojan war and his generation number -51 would date the war to c. 1100 BCE. This is close to the time, 1180 BCE, of destruction by fire of Troy VIIa.

Aeneas’ Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci

Stone:
“Addedomaros may be the Aedd Mawr of the Welsh chronicles.”[1]
However, this suggestion is unlikely to be correct as there would then be a dating issue. Aedd Mawr was born c. 390 BCE whereas the coinage of Addedomarus, a king of the Trinovantes, indicates a reign in the latter half of the first century BCE.

[1] Stone, G., 1915, 418.

Sanan ferch Elise

HG 15 states:

“[G]ripiud . Teudos
caten . Tres sunt
filíí nougoy .
et sanant elized .
filia illorum . mater erat
regis pouis”

Bartrum originally interpreted this slighlty corrupted text correctly thus:

… tres sunt filii nougoy regis pouis, et sanant filia elized illorum mater erat.[1]

This is shown in the table below where the generation numbers have been allocated:

Gen.	HG 15
10	Gruffudd	Tewdws	Cathen
9			Nowy	Sanan
8				Elise

JC 8 has:

“Gruffud. a thewdos. a cathen. Meibyon y vrenhin powys. o sanant verch elisse y mam. Elisse. verch neuue hen mab tewdwr.”

The full pedigree list in JC 8 is:

Gen.	JC 8
14	Tewdwr
13	Griffri
12	Elise
11	Tewdwr
10	Gruffudd	Tewdws	Cathen
9			Vrenhin Powys	Sanan
8				Elise
7				Nowy Hen
6				Tewdwr
5				Rhain
4				Cadwgon
3				Cathen
2				Ceindrech
1				Rhiwallon
0				Idwallon
-1				Llywarch
-2				Rhigeneu
-3				Rhain Dremrudd
-4				Brychan [I]

Comparing the two tables above, the ruler of Powys, “vrenhin powys”, in gen. 9 is clearly a reference to a Nowy, Sanan’s husband. Bartrum incorrectly conflated Nowy Hen, the father of Elise with Nowy, the husband of Sanan. The other Elise in the table, the son of Tewdwr of gen. 12, appears in Asser’s Life of Alfred, §80 as the king of Brycheiniog who was under attack by the sons of Rhodri Mawr.

Y Cymmrodor XLIII, 57

Bartrum correctly proposed the idea that Nowy, the husband of Sanan, was the son of Madog using the lineage that appears in JC 16:

Gen.	JC 16b seg.
15	Lleucu
14	Adwent
13	Eliffer
12	Gronwy
11	Cynhaethwy
10	Ceno
9	Nowy
8	Madog
7	Sandde
6	Tudwal
5	Merin
4	Madog
3	Rhun
2	Cenelaph Dremrudd
1	Cynan
0	Casanauth Wledig	Thewer
-1		Brydw
-2		Cadell Ddyrnllug

Note, Madog ap Rhun appears in triad 60 as one of the “Three Gate-Keepers at the Contest of Bangor Orchard”. This has been identified as the battle of Chester in the Brut Cleopatra. The AC dates it to the year 613. Nowy ap Madog occupies gen. 9 as does Nowy in the first table and Bartrum’s proposal was sound. Unfortunately, however, he abandoned this idea, as can be seen by his crossing out in this chart:

Cadair Early Series (Aberystwyth University)

He tentatively adopted Dumville’s incorrect proposal that Elise, not Nowy, was the king of Powys and that his father was Gwylog who appears in HG 27 and on the Pillar of Eliseg.[2] In this scheme Nowy, the husband of Sanan, is made the son of Tewdwr ap Rhain, see the pedigree chart below:

Britons and Anglo-Saxons in the Early Middle Ages 51

Dumville’s chronology does not work. Also, there are a number of errors on the chart:
1. It shows Elise ap Cyngen as having died in 814. Actually, that date in the AC refers to when Elise killed his brother, Gruffudd.
2. He suggests Tewdwr ap Griffri was a signatory of a land charter dated 934. In fact the Liber Landavensis states this individual was Tewdwr ab Elise.

Sanan ferch Elise

[1] Cy XLIII 55.

[2] Dumville, D.N., 1993.

The king list of Ceredigion

HG 26, JC 21, JC 42 and ABT 6j together provide us with the pedigree of the royals of Ceredigion. In the columns two to five the medieval forms of the names are given whereas in the column headed Combined the modern forms are used.

Gen.	HG 26	JC 21	JC 42	ABT 6j	Combined
10	[G]uocaun	Angharat	Agharat	Angharat	Gwgon and Angharad
9	Mouric	veuric	veuruc	Feurig	Meurig
8	Dumnguallaun	dyga6l	dyfynwal	Dyfynwal	Dyfnwallon
7	Arthgen	Arthen	Arden	Arthen	Arthen
6	Seissil	Seissill	Seissyll	Seissill	Seisyll
5	Clitauc	Clyda6c	Cleta6c	Kledawg	Clydog
4		Aruodeu	Aruodeu		Aruodeu
3	Artgloys	Argloes	Argloes	Artholes	Arthlwys
2	Artbodgu			Arbothev	Arthfoddow
1	Bodgu	Pode6	Pode6	Bothev	Boddw
0	Serguil	Seruuel	Seruul	Serwyll	Serwyl
-1	Iusay	Vsai	Vsai	Usa	Usai
-2	Ceretic	Keredic	Karedic	Keredig	Ceredig
-3	Cuneda	Kuneda wledic	Kuneda wledic	Kunedda wledig	Cunedda

Gwgon and Angharad, in gen. 10, were siblings. JC 42 adds the incorrect comment that Angharad was the mother of Rhodri Mawr who appears in gen. 10, see The king list of Gwynedd . It is generally agreed that she was his wife and this is confirmed by ABT 6j which states the mother of the sons of Rhodri mawr was Angharad.